Whole-genome sequencing projects are increasingly populating the tree of life and
characterizing biodiversity 1 , 2 , 3 – 4 . Sparse taxon sampling has previously been proposed to …

Neurosteroids are powerful modulators of brain function and behavior, yet their dynamics in
the brain have remained elusive. Using in vivo microdialysis in male zebra finches, we found …

In songbirds, aromatase (estrogen synthase) activity and mRNA are readily detectable in the
brain. This neural aromatization presumably provides estrogen to steroid‐sensitive targets …

Higher cognitive function depends on accurate detection and processing of subtle features
of sensory stimuli. Such precise computations require neural circuits to be modulated over …

Sexual selection was proposed by Darwin to explain the evolution of male sexual traits such
as ornaments and elaborate courtship displays. Empirical and theoretical studies have …

… blocker omega-conotoxin (Remage-Healey, L., and BA Schlinger, unpublished observations),
further implicating a synaptocrine source for estrogens detected via this technology. …

The neural system controlling song in passerine birds can undergo striking morphological
and functional changes during both development and adulthood, and many of these changes …

In many species, territoriality is expressed only during the breeding season, when plasma
testosterone (T) is elevated. In contrast, in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia morphna), …

… useful model for studying the hormonal ba- In this report, we demonstrate the estrogen sis
of behavior (eg, Adkins ef al., 1980; dependence of an aggressive response to Wada, 1982; …

Testosterone (T) regulates many traits related to fitness, including aggression. However,
individual variation in aggressiveness does not always relate to circulating T, suggesting that …