Besides their role in desensitization, β-arrestin 1 and 2 promote the formation of signaling
complexes allowing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) to signal independently from G …

The reinforcing and psychomotor effects of morphine involve opiate stimulation of the
dopaminergic system via activation of μ-opioid receptors (μOR). Both μ-opioid and dopamine …

A decreased level of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been theorized to be a core
pathogenic factor in depression for half a century. The theory arose from clinical observations …

The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a key role in the regulation of dopaminergic signaling
wherein it controls both the spatial and temporal actions of dopamine. Here we evaluated …

Several studies have reported the coupling of dopamine signaling to phospholipase C β (PLCβ)
both in vitro and in vivo. However, the precise physiological relevance of this signaling …

Background Fine particulate air pollution (PM 2.5 ) is a global health concern, as exposure
to PM 2.5 has consistently been found to be associated with increased cardiovascular …

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have suggested effectiveness of RNA interference (RNAi)
for the analysis of gene functions in the brain. This study sought to determine the efficiency of …

… Ivan O. Medvedev performed the conditioned place preference studies and analyzed the
data. Raul R. Gainetdinov participated in initial locomotor activity studies and participated in …

NMDA receptor-mediated glutamate transmission is required for several forms of neuronal
plasticity. Its role in the neuronal responses to addictive drugs is an ongoing subject of …

Rationale The dopamine transporter (DAT) is thought to play a major role in the rewarding
effects of cocaine. Therefore, it is surprising that cocaine reveals conditioned effects in DAT …