The field of neuroscience has, after a long period of looking the other way, again embraced
emotion as an important research area. Much of the progress has come from studies of fear, …

The brain mechanisms of fear have been studied extensively using Pavlovian fear conditioning,
a procedure that allows exploration of how the brain learns about and later detects and …

Echoplanar functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used in normal human
subjects to investigate the role of the amygdala in conditioned fear acquisition and extinction. A …

JOSEPH E. L1DOUX is interested in the neural foundation of memory and emotion. He
studies the anatomy, physiology and behavioral organization of these aspects of mental …

What happens in our brains to make us feel fear, love, hate, anger, joy? do we control our
emotions, or do they control us? Do animals have emotions? How can traumatic experiences …

Despite the obvious importance of emotion to human existence, scientists concerned with
human nature have not been able to reach a consensus about what emotion is and what place …

Fear arousal, initiated by an environmental threat, leads to activation of the stress response,
a state of alarm that promotes an array of autonomic and endocrine changes designed to …

Fear conditioning is a valuable behavioral paradigm for studying the neural basis of emotional
learning and memory. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is a crucial site of neural …

Research on the neural systems underlying emotion in animal models over the past two
decades has implicated the amygdala in fear and other emotional processes. This work …

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an experience-dependent form of neural plasticity believed
to involve mechanisms that underlie memory formation 1 , 2 , 3 . LTP has been studied most …