INTRODUCTION Neuromodulators, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin, exert
powerful control over neural circuit dynamics that give rise to diverse neural function and …

Sensory information from mechanoreceptors and nociceptors in the skin plays key roles in
adaptive and protective motor behaviours. To date, very little is known about how this …

Microglia are the intrinsic immune sentinels of the central nervous system. Their activation
restricts tissue injury and pathogen spread, but in some settings, including viral infection, this …

Judging the presence or absence of a stimulus is likely the most basic perceptual decision.
A fundamental difference of detection tasks in contrast to discrimination tasks is that only the …

Multiple aspects of neural activity, from neuronal firing to neuromodulator release and signaling,
underlie brain function and ultimately shape animal behavior. The recently developed …

How single neurons represent information about the magnitude of a stimulus remains
controversial. Neurons encoding purely sensory magnitude typically show monotonic response …

There is general agreement that nonverbal animals and humans endowed with language
possess an evolutionary precursor system for representing and comparing numerical values. …

Astrocytes, glial cells of the central nervous system, help to regulate neural circuit operation
and adaptation. They exhibit complex forms of chemical excitation, most prominently calcium …

Deciding between alternatives is a critical element of flexible behavior. Perceptual decisions
have been studied extensively in an action-based framework. Recently, we have shown …

Background While treatment of patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis using a combination
of fumaric acid esters (FAE, Fumaderm ® ) and phototherapy (UV) is common practice, …