Goal-directed learning is a key contributor to evolutionary fitness in animals. The neural
mechanisms that mediate learning often involve the neuromodulator dopamine. In higher order …

In vertebrates, advanced cognitive abilities are typically associated with the telencephalic
pallium. In mammals, the pallium is a layered mixture of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal …

Estradiol acts as a neuromodulator in brain regions important for cognition and sensory
processing. Estradiol also shapes brain sex differences but rarely have these concepts been …

Animals continually assess their environment for cues associated with threats, competitors,
allies, mates or prey, and experience is crucial for those associations. The auditory cortex is …

Norepinephrine (NE) can dynamically modulate excitability and functional connectivity of
neural circuits in response to changes in external and internal states. Regulation by NE has …

The racemate linalool and its levogyrus enantiomer [(−)-LIN] are present in many essential
oils and possess several pharmacological activities, such as antinociceptive and anti-…

Vocal learning occurs during an experience-dependent, age-limited critical period early in
development. In songbirds, vocal learning begins when presinging birds acquire an auditory …

Objective International data have reported prostate cancer as the most frequent among men,
and the third highest in mortality. A rise in incidence has been observed in the course of …

Vocal learning species must form and extensively hone associations between sounds and
social contingencies. In songbirds, dopamine signaling guides song motor production, …

Auditory perception can be significantly disrupted by noise. To discriminate sounds from
noise, auditory scene analysis (ASA) extracts the functionally relevant sounds from acoustic …