Optogenetic tools enable examination of how specific cell types contribute to brain circuit
functions. A long-standing question is whether it is possible to independently activate two …

An increasingly powerful approach for studying brain circuits relies on targeting genetically
encoded sensors and effectors to specific cell types. However, current approaches for this …

All-optical electrophysiology—spatially resolved simultaneous optical perturbation and
measurement of membrane voltage—would open new vistas in neuroscience research. We …

Technologies for silencing the electrical activity of genetically targeted neurons in the brain
are important for assessing the contribution of specific cell types and pathways toward …

Optogenetic inhibition of the electrical activity of neurons enables the causal assessment of
their contributions to brain functions. Red light penetrates deeper into tissue than other …

Topographic maps, the systematic spatial ordering of neurons by response tuning, are
common across species. In Drosophila, the lobula columnar (LC) neuron types project from the …

Nervous systems combine lower-level sensory signals to detect higher-order stimulus
features critical to survival 1 , 2 , 3 , such as the visual looming motion created by an imminent …

Optogenetic neuronal network manipulation promises to unravel a long-standing mystery in
neuroscience: how does microcircuit activity relate causally to behavioral and pathological …

Optogenetics provides a means to dissect the organization and function of neural circuits.
Optogenetics also offers the translational promise of restoring sensation, enabling movement …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated ion channels in widespread use in neuroscience
for mediating the genetically targetable optical control of neurons (optogenetics). ChRs …