Cerebral edema contributes significantly to morbidity and death associated with many common
neurological disorders. However, current treatment options are limited to hyperosmolar …

Angiogenesis is an intricately regulated phenomenon. Its mechanisms in the ischemic brain
have not been clearly elucidated. The authors investigated expression of angiogenesis-…

Cumulative evidence suggests that apoptosis plays a pivotal role in cell death in vitro after
hypoxia. Apoptotic cell death pathways have also been implicated in ischemic cerebral injury …

The serine-threonine kinase, Akt, prevents apoptosis by phosphorylation at serine-473 in
several cell systems. After phosphorylation, activated Akt inactivates other apoptogenic factors, …

Mitochondria are known to be involved in the early stage of apoptosis by releasing cytochrome
c, caspase-9, and the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac). We …

Background and Purpose— Superoxide anion radicals (O 2 ·− ) are implicated in ischemia/reperfusion
injury, although a direct relationship has not been elucidated. Recently, a specific …

The hippocampal CA1 neurons are selectively vulnerable to global ischemia, and neuronal
death occurs in a delayed manner. The threshold of global ischemia duration that induces …

Release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol is a critical step in apoptosis. We have
reported that early release of cytochrome c in vivo occurs after permanent focal cerebral …

The serine-threonine kinase, Akt, is involved in the survival signaling pathways in many cell
systems. The present study examined phosphorylation of Akt at serine-473 and DNA …

Recent studies have revealed that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)
may contribute to apoptosis, a cell death process involved in oxidative stress. We examined …