Many protocols have been designed to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into neurons. Despite the relevance of …

GABA B receptor (GBR) activation inhibits neurotransmitter release in axon terminals in the
brain, except in medial habenula (MHb) terminals, which show robust potentiation. However, …

Novelty facilitates memory formation and is detected by both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus.
Although dentate granule cells (GCs) in the dorsal hippocampus are known to mediate …

The oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is thought to contribute to the subtle amnesic changes
in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by causing synaptic dysfunction. Here, we examined the time …

The superior colliculus (SC) in the mammalian midbrain is essential for multisensory
integration and is composed of a rich diversity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons and glia. …

Rab-interacting molecule (RIM)-binding protein 2 (BP2) is a multidomain protein of the
presynaptic active zone (AZ). By binding to RIM, bassoon (Bsn), and voltage-gated Ca 2+ …

Although the underlying mechanism remains unknown, several studies have suggested
benefits of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) for patients with anxiety disorders. …

Background Rodents and humans show an attenuation of fear extinction during adolescence,
which coincides with the onset of several psychiatric disorders. Although the ethological …

The synaptic connection from medial habenula (MHb) to interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) is
critical for emotion-related behaviors and uniquely expresses R-type Ca 2+ channels (Cav2.3) …

The medial habenula-interpeduncular nucleus (MHb-IPN) pathway, which connects the
limbic forebrain to the midbrain, has recently been implicated in aversive behaviors. The MHb-…