Excessive alcohol use, a major cause of morbidity and mortality, is less well understood
than other addictive disorders. Dopamine release in ventral striatum is a common element of …

The adrenal gland is important for homeostatic responses to metabolic stress: hypoglycemia
stimulates the splanchnic nerve, epinephrine is released from adrenomedullary chromaffin …

The insula, a structure involved in higher order representation of interoceptive states, has
recently been implicated in drug craving and social stress. Here, we performed brain magnetic …

BACKGROUND: A dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system has
been implicated in the development of excessive alcohol consumption and dependence. The …

Alcohol dependence leads to persistent neuroadaptations, potentially related to structural
plasticity. Previous work has shown that hippocampal neurogenesis is modulated by alcohol, …

GABAergic signaling is involved in modulating the reinforcing properties of alcohol, and GABA
B receptors have been proposed as a potential target for clinical treatment of alcoholism. …

PPARγ is one of the three isoforms identified for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
(PPARs) and is the receptor for the thiazolidinedione class of anti-diabetic medications …

A number of macroscopic changes have been reported in the temporal lobe in schizophrenia.
We have evaluated the density of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes in …

Introduction Reinstatement of responding to a previously alcohol-associated lever following
extinction is an established model of relapse-like behavior and can be triggered by stress …

The rodent cerebellum is richly supplied with PACAPergic innervation. Exogenous pituitary
adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) increases cerebellar granule cell survival …