It has been demonstrated by numerous studies that apoptotic cell death pathways are
implicated in ischemic cerebral injury in ischemia models in vivo. Experimental ischemia and …

Recent studies have revealed that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway is
involved in apoptotic cell death after experimental cerebral ischemia. The serine—threonine …

Although p53 is a key modulator of cellular stress responses, the mechanism of p53-mediated
apoptosis is ambiguous. p53 can mediate apoptosis in response to death stimuli by …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which plays important roles in apoptosis, is susceptible to
oxidative stress. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) are robustly produced in the …

COVID-19 often causes sequelae after initial recovery, referred to collectively as long COVID.
Long COVID is considered to be caused by the persistence of chronic inflammation after …

Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are quickly upregulated in response to ischemia/reperfusion
(I/R) injury; however, the relationship between I/R-induced oxidative stress and …

The epipharynx, located behind the nasal cavity, is responsible for upper respiratory tract
immunity; however, it is also the site of frequent acute and chronic inflammation. Previous …

The tumor suppressor gene p53 plays an important role in the regulation of apoptosis
through transcriptional activation of cell cycle control. Degradation of p53 hinders its role in …

Background and Purpose— The interaction of X chromosome-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis
protein (XIAP) with second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac)/direct inhibitor-…

Background and Purpose—A proline-rich Akt substrate (PRAS) contributes to the regulation
of apoptosis after a variety of cell death stimuli, as well as in an in vivo transient focal …