Microglia survey brain parenchyma, responding to injury and infections. Microglia also
respond to systemic disease, but the role of blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity in this process …

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons,
leading to a wide variety of psychomotor dysfunctions. Accumulated evidence suggests that …

Motor actions are facilitated when expected reward value is high. It is hypothesized that
there are neurons that encode expected reward values to modulate impending actions and …

Microglia are highly motile immunoreactive cells that play integral roles in the response to
brain infection and damage, and in the progression of various neurological diseases. During …

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a pivotal role in controlling the activity of both the
external and internal segments of the globus pallidus (GPe and GPi, respectively). Both nuclei …

Although immobility is a common cause of muscle atrophy, the mechanism underlying this
causality is unclear. We here show that Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) and IL-6 are …

Sustained neuropathic pain from injury or inflammation remains a major burden for society.
Rodent pain models have informed some cellular mechanisms increasing neuronal …

Malfunctions of the basal ganglia cause movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease
and dystonia. Several models have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of these …

The internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) receives motor‐related cortical signals
mainly through the striatum, the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) and the …

Myelination increases the conduction velocity in long‐range axons and is prerequisite for
many brain functions. Impaired myelin regulation or impairment of myelin itself is frequently …