Homeostasis is a biological principle for regulation of essential physiological parameters
within a set range. Behavioural responses due to deviation from homeostasis are critical for …

Neural circuits for essential natural behaviors are shaped by selective pressure to coordinate
reliable execution of flexible goal-directed actions. However, the structural and functional …

Hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/orx) neurons coordinate sleep–wake cycles, reward
seeking, and body energy balance. Neurochemical data suggest that hcrt/orx cells contain …

Objective Dopamine (DA) is critical for motor performance, motor learning, and corticostriatal
plasticity. The relationship between motor performance and learning, and the role of DA in …

Although adipocytes in PVAT can be classified into traditional white and brown adipocytes,
evidence suggests that PVAT adipocytes do not share the same developmental origin as …

How does an organism's internal state direct its actions? At one moment an animal forages
for food with acrobatic feats such as tree climbing and jumping between branches. At another …

Both the dorsal and ventral striatum have been demonstrated to have a critical role in
reinforcement learning and addiction. Dissecting the specific function of these striatal …

Research on the biology of addiction has advanced significantly over the last 50 years
expanding our understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying reward, reinforcement and …

Background The inequities in healthcare services between regions, urban and rural, age
groups and diverse income groups have been growing rapidly in China. Equal access to basic …

Tour activities are closely related to carbon emissions. Low-carbon tourism is an important
means of saving energy and reducing emissions. With the advent of big data mining …